Did Napoleon uphold or betrayed the ideals of the French Revolution (1799-1815) Free Essay Example, 1000 words

His strategic brilliance and shrewd tactics helped to recapture Toulon and overnight, he shot to fame. He was promoted to Brigadier-General and thereafter, he never looked back. ‘He is the sort of man of whom nature is sparing and who only appears on earth at intervals of centuries†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Markham, 1966). Besides being a great strategist and an expert artillery official, Napoleon was also a shrewd politician, a trait that was evident while, he led his troop to success after success in the various battles against the resurgent armies of the neighbouring countries. During the 1785 failed coup which was organised by some discontent republicans and royalist, Napoleon was given the command and he had agreed on the terms that ‘once my sword is drawn, it would not be sheathed until order is restored’ (Dugdale, 2006). Within en hours, he had restored the peace and order, effectively quelling the rebels. His support to his political leaders amply showed that he believed in upholding the new order that was established after the revolution. He was made Major general at the age of twenty six. We will write a custom essay sample on Did Napoleo n uphold or betrayed the ideals of the French Revolution (1799-1815) or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now He had become a hero with a huge following. Napoleon was a staunch nationalist and intrinsically believed in the welfare of his people. When he went to Nice to take over the command, he tried to understand their need and made efforts to alleviate their problems and boost their morale with praise. He motivated his troops to the extent that they became his most loyal followers and helped him to win many battles with Austria, Egypt, Turkey etc. He inspired his soldiers and people and restored their pride for their nation. He also edited his Courrier de lArmà ©e dItalie and other military gazettes from the Journal de Bonaparte et des hommes vertueux and articles–sometimes written by Bonaparte himself–analyzing the current political situation in France were found among the gazettes pages2. When he came back to France, he found that his country lacked a dynamic leader who was able to look after the extended territory of France with he had increased from his various victories in the battlefield. He filled the gap by conferring himself with the title of First Consul3 in 1799 and later became Emperor. The period from 1799-1815 was one of the golden period which had made France as one of the most powerful country of the West. During this period, France not only attained military supremacy but art and literature came into prominence and established France as a leader in the field. Napoleon had made complete and clear codification of French constitution with code of civil procedure, equality of all men, penal code etc.

Descriptive Essay About Qingdao - 1016 Words

The world is so big, I want to see. This is a lot of people’s dream, a person, a backpack, and a camera, a walk to the trip. You can walk in the country on the road to experience the years of precipitation and accumulation, you can also feel surging and stalwart of nature when you climbing the mountains and the sea. Fortunately, Qingdao is a place can meet all of your needs. Qingdao, located in the southern of Shandong Peninsula, is a unique coastal city. It is near the Yellow Sea, surrounded by Jiaozhou Bay, and the climate is warm winter and cool summer, so it was recognized the national historical and cultural city and famous tourist destination. Here is a red tile green trees, blue sky and sea of the city landscape and typical†¦show more content†¦Qingdao summer is the most lively, especially after May, the sea warm, soft sand, and there is no hot sun, is the golden season of coastal tourism. Golden Beach is where people swim and surf the favorite place to go. And if you want to play party and barbecue, the best place is silver sand beach. The eye of the Tang Island Bay can let you overlooking the scenery of Qingdao. A beautiful picture consists of meandering Jiaodong Bay, undulating hills, blue sea and European style of the city. If you go to Qingdao in summer, you must go to Laoshan. It is not only China s famous tourist mountains, but als o the famous summer resort. It is known as the sea first mountain, the main peak of Laoshan about 1132.7 meters, so it is the third peak in Shandong. Because of near the sea, mountain and sea waves matched, formed a purple sea of clouds and a mirage of the strange scene. The Oktoberfest Festival in August called Asia s largest international beer, which attracting countless people at home and abroad to come together to drink together and watch the show. Before 1998, the opening ceremony of the previous International Beer Festival was held in it. Now, It has become a permanent festivals. Badaguan celebrity house always revealed a long cultural heritage and human feelings. To the autumn season, you can also see the sturdy sycamore tree on the both sides of the road. The road will be covered with golden when the breeze blowing, as if you place yourself in

Cheque Truncation Free Essays

IBM Business Consulting Services Indian Cheque Truncation Initiative Key challenges for Indian Banks Ravi Trivedy IBM Business Consulting Services deeper deeper  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2003 IBM Business Consulting Services The Indian Cheque Scenario – an IBM Point-of-View Cheque volumes will continue to increase for the next 5-7 years – All parties involved have strong reasons to continue to promote check usage Banks – significant revenue flows are tied to the use of checks Slow consumer adoption of electronic payments – cheques are free + Perception of safety Merchants, Corporates, Governments, and Non Banking Financial Institutions – due to lack of cheap, convenient alternatives and because many accounts payable and receivable systems are designed around checks.  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2003 IBM Business Consulting Services Image based processing of cheques in India present several challenges – which all add up to the cost for the banking industry Geographical spread volumes impact speed of physical movement of paper (specially inter-city) Multiple languages scripts Multiple handling due to current processes in ranches – high rejects in an imaging process Legal Regulatory issues Lack of Centralized Banking systems in many banks to enable STP Potential for fraud/counterfeit cheques increases  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2003 IBM Business Consulting Services The Truncation initiative will have a major impact on Payment Operations – some key recommendations Indian Model – Truncation at presentin g Bank Big Bang approach – mandatory cutover for ALL Branches Each Bank to decide it’s own model – Truncation at Branch or Service Branch or Outsourced Recommendations for Banks Understand volumes, current operations Develop strategy optimized operations architecture in a truncation environment Define new processes (focus on mitigating operational risk) Re-define clearing operations organization  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2003 IBM Business Consulting Services RBI’s Working Committee on Cheque Truncation has recommended truncation at the presenting bank itself, to maximize efficiency PRESENTING BANK Big Branches DRAWEE BANK Core Core Banking Banking System System Branch Capture Data and Image One Pass readers for MICR Data, Greyscale Bitonal Images Front Back UID assigned At Teller/Behind Teller Real-time/Batch Intra-Branch Intra-Branch Cheque Clearing Cheque Clearing Clearing House System House System House IMAGE MICR ARCHIVAL PKI enabled CLEARING CLEARING CLEARING HOUSE HOUSE SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM IMAGE MICR ARCHIVAL 3 Months + 8 Years Browser based access to images for Banks Customers Images, MICR,UID2 Clearing House Interface Clearing House Interface Service Branch Service Branch Or Or Or Outsourced Service Center Outsourced Service Center Outsourced Small Branches Images, MICR,UID MIS MIS Signature Signature Verification Verification Customer Customer Statements Statements IMAGE MICR ARCHIVAL  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2003 IBM Business Consulting Services Reduced costs, improved customer service and increased flexibility will drive each Bank’s imaging decision Value realization will differ from Bank to Bank New offers of value to customers Reduced costs from re-engineered check exchange practices REALIZED VALUE Reduced costs via productivity enhancements and fraud reduction Near-term customer service enhancement 2005 2006 2007 TIME 2008 2009 2010  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2003 IBM Business Consulting Services With RTGS and Cheque truncation, Banks will potentially lose a large income leverage The truncation initiative will re-define business models Loss of float Additional cost of infrastructure Operations Recommendation for Banks Develop a fee based product strategy to offset losses – from customers, from secondary banks†¦. differentiated service models Re-engineer Cash Management services for Corporates Create an optimized cost model for Operations – build and operate OR outsource? Utilize the opportunity to image inter-branch cheques to improve customer service reduce paper process costs Copyright IBM Corporation 2003 IBM Business Consulting Services Technology choices and implementation models will create differentiation in services and operational costs†¦ Each Bank’s defined operating model is directly related to it’s technology choices, implementation options and costs At each Branch vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Cheque Truncation or any similar topic only for you Order Now at a service Branch Smaller cities in a region? Remote Branches? Certification of Operations is a must! Recommendations for Banks Analysis of current and expected cheque volume patterns should drive future model Optimize model with a mix and match – inhouse + outsource Select Open Architectures to enable backwards integration Security, BCP and Operations Management are CRITICAL  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2003 IBM Business Consulting Services Cheque Processing and IBM – A summary view Over 90% of the 40B US cheques issued yearly are processed with IBM Solutions â€Å"VIEWPOINTE† – Bank of America, JPMChase IBM Joint Venture for Cheque Processing Centers +1 Billion new items stored monthly +5. 1 Million image retrievals daily Storage space occupies 2. 8 PB of data In India, the Reserve Bank uses IBM Solutions for its high speed clearing operations IBM manages Cheque clearing/processing Operations in over 12 countries Partnering with BCSIS for Cheque solutions for Banks in India Complete end-to-end CHS functionality (Applications, Infrastructure, Integration, Operations Management, Outsourcing Service Centers) Totally compliant with RBI directives, PKI security enabled Based on Open Standards – enables easy integration to Core Systems  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2003 IBM Business Consulting Services IBM uses its structured methodology to enable Banks to maximize their RoI from a Cheque imaging initiative 1 1 Create the Vision Create the Vision 4 4 Review Bank Operations / Delivery strategy Review / Establish Bank Payments Strategy Obtain Stakeholder commitment 2 2 Develop Business case Develop Business case for Check applications // for Check applications image enablement image enablement Cost effectiveness vs. Business needs Time to market competitive pressures Identify Applications Systems, Storage Network Architectures 5 5 Create Implementation Plan Create Implementation Plan Application integration priorities Rational steps Business Process Organization Reengineering Coincidence with industry initiatives Applications Setup Test Applications Setup Test Setup, configure and Customise applications Integrate with Core Systems, PKI Infrastructure Integrated and User Testing Develop Training program materials Develop Operations model timelines Develop infrastructure cost model Develop Operational cost model Develop products revenue plan 3 3 Develop Infrastructure Plan Develop Infrastructure Plan 6 6 Manage Implementation Manage Implementation Program Management – Process, Change Implement connectivity Establish Organization – Process, IT Training Implement Test Security for Certification Copyright IBM Corporation 2003 IBM Business Consulting Services Summary – Maximize your opportunities from the Cheque Truncation initiative Well prepared Banks will benefit greatly from the Cheque truncation initiative New Opportunities Improve Customer Services New Product Offerings Product Differentiation Cross-selling Revenue Higher Efficiency Fraud Savings Productivity saving s Operational cost reduction Reduction in call volumes follow-up  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2003 IBM Business Consulting Services Thank You ravi. trivedy@in. ibm. com deeper deeper  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2003 How to cite Cheque Truncation, Papers

Communism Downfall Essay Example For Students

Communism Downfall Essay The shocking fall of communism in Eastern and Central Europe in the lateeighties was remarkable for both its rapidity and its scope. The specifics ofcommunisms demise varied among nations, but similarities in both the causes andthe effects of these revolutions were quite similar. As well, all of the nationsinvolved shared the common goals of implementing democratic systems ofgovernment and moving to market economies. In each of these nations, thecommunist regimes in power were forced to transfer that power to radicallydifferent institutions than they were accustomed to. Democracy had beenspreading throughout the world for the preceding two decades, but with a veryimportant difference. While previous political transitions had seen similarcircumstances, the actual events in question had generally occurredindividually. In Europe, on the other hand, the shift from communism was takingplace in a different context altogether. The peoples involved were not lookingto affect a narrow set of p olicy reforms; indeed, what was at stake was ahyper-radical shift from the long-held communist ideology to a western blueprintfor governmental and economic policy development. The problem inherent in thistype of monumental change is that, according to Ulrich K. Preuss, Inalmost all the East and Central European countries, the collapse ofauthoritarian communist rule has released national, ethnic, religious andcultural conflicts which can not be solved by purely economic policies(47). While tremendous changes are evident in both the governmental and economicarenas in Europe, these changes cannot be assumed to always be mutuallyreinforcing (Preuss 47). Generally it has been theorized that the mostsuccessful manner of addressing these many difficulties is the drafting of aconstitution. But what is clear is the unsatisfactory ability of a constitutionto remedy the problems of nationalism and ethnic differences. Preuss notes thatwhen the constitutional state gained favor in North America, it was founded onthe principle of the unitary state; it was not designed to address the lack ofnational identity which is found throughout Europe and which is counter to theconcept of the constitutional state (48). Measured in terms ofsocioeconomic modernization, writes Helga A. Welsh, Central andEastern European countries had reached a level that was considered conducive tothe emergence of pluralistic policies (19). It seemed that the sole reasonthe downfall of communism, as it were, took so long was the veto power of theSoviet Union. According to theories of modernization, the higher the levels ofsocioeconomic achievement, the greater the pressure for open competition and,ultimately, democracy. As such, the nations in Eastern and Central Europe wereseen as anomalies in socioeconomically highly-developed countries whereparticularly intellectual power resources have become widespread (Welsh19). Due to their longtime adherence to communist policies, these nations facedgreat difficu lty in making the transition to a pluralist system as well as amarket economy. According to Preuss, these problems were threefold: The genuineeconomic devastations wrought by the communist regimes, the transformation ofthe social and economic classes of the command economy into the social andeconomic lasses of a capitalist economy and, finally, the creation of aconstitutional structure for political entities that lack the undisputedintegrity of a nation state (48). With such problems as these to contend with inre- engineering their entire economic and political systems, the people of EastGermany seemed to be in a particularly enviable position. Economically, theywere poised to unite with one of the richest countries, having one of thestrongest economies, in the entire world. In the competition for foreigninvestment, such an alliance gave the late German Democratic Republic aseemingly insurmountable lead over other nations. In regards to the politicalaspects of unification, it effect ively left a Germany with no national or ethnicminorities, as well as having undisputed boundaries. As well, there was no needto create a constitution (although many of the pitfalls of constitution-building would have been easily-avoided due to the advantages Germany had),because the leaders of the GDR had joined the Federal Republic by accession and,accordingly, allowed its Basic Law to be extended over their territory. For allthe good that seemed to be imminent as a result of unification, many problemsalso arose regarding the political transformation that Germany was undergoing. King David And Jesus EssayThe former East Germans look upon this issue with contempt, because it is theWesterners who have control over the rules, as well as the enforcement of thoserules. This is merely one of a multitude of instances where this mistrustmanifests itself. There are also the issues of self-purification and collectiveamnesia. Due to the pervasive nature of the communist regimes surveillanceprograms and so forth, there is very little room for anyone to claim pure hands. While West Germans can claim that they are innocent by virtue of geography, EastGermans are never able to escape the suspicions that they may have been part ofthe machine. Government jobs are denied to those who were affiliated with theStasi, and private businesses also may deny employment to these citizens. Whileunification has occurred theoretically, in reality the Germany today is one ofde facto separate-but-equal citizenship. There is no denying that there havebeen many problems associated with the unification of East and West Germany. Thetransition from communist state to liberal democracy is a very difficult one,and there is no real way to predict how the German experience will turn out. AsPreuss writes, The transition from an authoritarian political regime andits concomitant command economy to a liberal democracy and a capitalist economyis as unprecedented as the short-term integration of two extremely differentsocieties one liberal-capitalist, one authoritarian-socialist in to onenation state (57). In other words, the unification of Germany is one ofthe most complicated and unprecedented historical events since the unificationof Germany. BibliographyBauer-Kaase, Petra. Germany in Transition: The Challenge of Coping withUnification. German Unification: Processes and Outcomes. M. Donald Hancockand Helga A. Welsh, eds. Boulder: Westview, 1994. 285-311. Gloebner, Gert-Joachim. Parties and Problems of Governance During Unification. GermanUnification: Processes and Outcomes. M. Donald Hancock and Helga A. Welsh, eds. Boulder: Westview, 1994. 139- 61. Preuss, Ulrich K. German Unification:Political and Constitutional Aspects. United Germany and the New Europe. Heinz D. Kurz, ed. Brookfield: Elgar, 1993. 47-58. Welsh, Helga A. TheCollapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the GDR: Evolution, Revolution, andDiffusion. German Unification: Processes and Outcomes. M. Donald Hancockand Helga A. Welsh, eds. Boulder: Westview, 1994. 17-34.